Prof. Jennifer Harman : Parental Alienation as a form of family violence
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKuUnq4rcpo
https://www.wealthysinglemommy.com/parental-alienation/
Diagnosis
Parental Alienation Syndrome Diagnosis and Treatment Tables
http://richardagardner.com/pastable.pdf
open https://pasg.info/app/uploads/2017/12/PASG2017-Bernet-Test-for-Parental-Alienation.pdf
International Classification of Diseases (who.int)
ICD-9 Codes (1975)
- V61 Other family circumstances
- V61.04 Family disruption due to parent-child estrangement
- V61.20 Counseling for parent-child problem, unspecified
- V61.29 Other parent-child problems
[source: https://healthprovidersdata.com/hipaa/codes/ICD9_Lookup.aspx]
ICD-10 Codes (1990)
Mental and behavioural disorders (F00-F99)
???
Factors influencing health status and contact with health services (Z00-Z99)
Persons with potential health hazards related to socioeconomic and psychosocial circumstances (Z55-Z65)
- Z62 Problems related to upbringing
- Z62.1 Parental overprotection
- Z62.8 Other specified problems related to upbringing
- Z62.82 Parent-child conflict
- Z62.820 Parent-biological child conflict
- Z62.89 Other specified problems related to upbringing
- Z62.890 Parent-child estrangement NEC
- Z62.898 Other specified problems related to upbringing
- Z62.82 Parent-child conflict
The U.S. developed a Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) for medical diagnoses based on WHO’s ICD-10 and CMS developed a new Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-PCS) for inpatient procedures.
The 2022 edition of ICD-10-CM became effective on October 1, 2021.
[source: https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/Z00-Z99/Z55-Z65/Z62-/Z62.820]
[source: https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/Z00-Z99/Z55-Z65/Z62-/Z62.890]
[source: https://healthprovidersdata.com/hipaa/codes/ICD10_Lookup.aspx]
ICD-11 (2017)
During the development of ICD-11, a decision was made not to include the concept and terminology of ‘parental alienation’ in the classification, because it is not a health care term. The term is rather used in legal contexts, generally in the context of custody disputes in divorce or other partnership dissolution.
WHO released the final version of ICD-11 on June 18, 2018. According to a WHO press release, ICD-11 was scheduled to come into force on January 1, 2022.
Mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders (06)
???
Factors influencing health status or contact with health services (24)
Factors influencing health status
- Problems associated with relationships
- QE52 Problem associated with interpersonal interactions in childhood
- QE52.0 Caregiver-child relationship problem
- QE52.1 Loss of love relationship in childhood
- QE70 Problems related to primary support group, including family circumstances
- QE70.1 Disruption of family by separation or divorce
- QE52 Problem associated with interpersonal interactions in childhood
- Problems associated with upbringing
- QE91 Parental overprotection
- QE9Y Other specified problems associated with upbringing
[source: https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en]
[source: https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/frequently-asked-questions/parental-alienation]
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) (psychiatry.org)
DSM-5 (2013) is a taxonomic and diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). It uses two diagnostic codes for the diagnosis of parental alienation:
- code Z62.820 can be used in settings where a child presents with “unwarranted feelings of estrangement” toward the target parent which is primarily due to the alienating parent’s use of “excessive parental pressure” or “parental overprotection” or “hostility toward” [the target parent] or “scapegoating” [of the target parent] in front of the child
- code Z62.898 can be used to help mental health professionals identify, treat, and prevent parental alienation symptoms and its sequelae in cases where “the negative effects of parental relationship discord (e.g., high levels of conflict, distress, or disparagement)” involved a concerted effort by one parent to harm or destroy the children’s relationship with the other parent. The label for this code is: “Child Affected by Relationship Distress.”
For this category, the term parent is used to refer to one of the child’s primary caregivers, who may be a biological, adoptive, or foster parent or may be another relative (such as a grandparent) who fulfills a parental role for the child. This category may be used when the main focus of clinical attention is to address the quality of the parent-child relationship or when the quality of the parent-child relationship is affecting the course, prognosis, or treatment of a mental disorder or other medical condition. Typically, the parent-child relational problem is associated with impaired functioning in behavioral, cognitive, or affective domains. Examples of behavioral problems include inadequate parental control, supervision, and involvement with the child; parental overprotection; excessive parental pressure; arguments that escalate to threats of physical violence; and avoidance without resolution of problems. Cognitive problems may include negative attributions of the other’s intentions, hostility toward or scapegoating of the other, and unwarranted feelings of estrangement. Affective problems may include feelings of sadness, apathy, or anger about the other individual in the relationship. Clinicians should take into account the developmental needs of the child and the cultural context.
Neurocognitive Disorder (NCD)
Splitting is a psychological mechanism which allows the person to tolerate difficult and overwhelming emotions by seeing someone as either good or bad, idealised or devalued. This makes it easier to manage the emotions that they are feeling, which on the surface seem to be contradictory.
https://www.priorygroup.com/blog/understanding-splitting-in-borderline-personality-disorder
[source: https://www.migna.ir/images/docs/files/000058/nf00058253-2.pdf]
[source: https://cdn.website-editor.net/30f11123991548a0af708722d458e476/files/uploaded/DSM%2520V.pdf]
[source: https://reseauiml.wordpress.com/2020/02/23/world-health-organization-removes-parental-alienation-from-its-classification-index/#:~:text=Parental%20alienation%20has%20been%20removed,valid%20or%20meaningful%20health%20statistics.]
[source: https://www.facebook.com/208153139630337/photos/a.208261099619541/859643661147945]
[source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240238609_Parental_alienation_DSM-5_and_ICD-11]
Third Party Alienation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eH8f6FjDrUc
Shawn WYGANT, M.A., TLLP
English: Parental Alienation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_alienation
Parental Alienation Syndrome and Parental Alienation: A Research Review
https://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/BTB25-PreConDV-11.pdf
Joan S. MEIER, Sep 2013
Parental Alienation as a Form of Emotional Child Abuse: Current State of Knowledge and Future Directions for Research
https://childrightsngo.com/newdownload/downloadsection9/Parental%20Alienation%20as%20form%20of%20Emotional%20Abuse%20Family%20Science%20Review%202018%20Edward%20Kruk.pdf
Edward KRUK, 2018
https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/frequently-asked-questions/parental-alienation
World Health Organisation
“During the development of ICD-11, a decision was made not to include the concept and terminology of ‘parental alienation’ in the classification, because it is not a health care term. The term is rather used in legal contexts, generally in the context of custody disputes in divorce or other partnership dissolution.”
The UK Parental Alienation Study 2020
https://fad.lu/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/pas-uk-study_295.pdf
https://issuu.com/goodeggsafety/docs/pauk_master_uk_study_2020
A study conducted by Good Egg Safety CIC
https://www.henrypublishinggroups.com/parental-alienation-a-worldwide-health-problem
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34929321
The Five-Factor Model for the Diagnosis of Parental Alienation
https://dadsdivorce.com/articles/the-8-symptoms-of-parental-alienation
https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/8035/JamesLeeA2018LLM.pdf
Parental Alienation: The New Zealand Approach
http://richardagardner.com/ar22
Past, Present and Future
German: Eltern-Kind-Entfremdung
https://ritter-gerstner.de/stichwort-der-psychologie-elterliches-entfremdungssyndrom
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltern-Kind-Entfremdung
https://www.hallofamilie.de/familienleben/kind-eltern/364-parental-alienation-syndrom/
https://www.famrecht.at/fileadmin/psy_aufsaetze/r_z/weber1.pdf
Referat im Rahmen des Arbeitskreises Familienpsychologie am 16.06.2000
Sozialarbeiterinnen beim ASD des Kreisjugendamtes Marburg-Biedenkopf
https://www.silviamessenlehner.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Elternentfremdungssyndrom.pdf
Elternentfremdungssyndrom
https://phaidra.univie.ac.at/open/o:1275252
Doppelresidenz in Österreich – Die Perspektive der Kinder
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40211-018-0267-0
Parental Alienation (Syndrome) – Eine ernst zu nehmende Form von psychischer Kindesmisshandlung
http://www.pas-konferenz.de/d/einfuehrung.html
https://www.gewaltinfo.at/fachwissen/formen/psychisch
Kinder sind darüber hinaus besonders betroffen von:
- Ablehnung und Liebesentzug;
- Missbrauch zur Befriedigung narzisstischer Bedürfnisse der Eltern, z.B. soll das Kind Wünsche und Ideale der Eltern erfüllen oder es wird als Partnerersatz herangezogen;
- Erzeugen von Schuldgefühlen;
- Vernachlässigung (wird auch als Form von physischer Gewalt definiert).
- Mobbing durch Gleichaltrige im Schulumfeld und im Internet
- https://dadsdivorce.com/articles/the-8-symptoms-of-parental-alienation ↩